DASH element | Element dimensions |
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1. Establishes an engaging learning environment | • Clarifies course objectives, environment, confidentiality, roles, and expectations • Establishes a “fiction contract” with participants • Attends to logistic details • Conveys a commitment to respecting learners and understanding their perspective |
2. Maintains an engaging learning environment | • Clarifies debriefing objectives, roles, and expectations • Helps participants engage in a limited-realism context • Conveys respect for learners and concern for their psychologic safety |
3. Structures the debriefing in an organized way | • Encourages trainees to express their reactions and, if needed, orients them to what happened in the simulation, near the beginning • Guides analysis of the trainees’ performance during the middle of the session • Collaborates with participants to summarize learning from the session near the end |
4. Provokes engaging discussions and uses concrete examples and outcomes as the basis for inquiry and discussion | • Reveals own reasoning and judgments • Facilitates discussion through verbal and nonverbal techniques • Uses video, replay, and review devices (if available) • Recognizes and manages the upset participant |
5. Identifies and explores performance gaps | • Provides feedback on performance • Explores the source of the performance gap |
6. Helps trainees achieve or sustain good future performance | • Helps close the performance gap through discussion and teaching • Demonstrates firm grasp of the subject • Meets the important objectives of the session |